The Prolific Tim Spalding - Oracles, Divination, Astrology and much more...

Tim Spalding’s The Oracle of Delphi and Ancient Oracles website is an organized, annotated list of more than 160 links on Greek and Roman oracles, including Delphi, Dodona, Didyma and others. It includes everything from serious academic articles and books to material pitched to grade-school kids.This site is actually a spin off of his other popular site Ancient Divination and Astrology on the Web. Tim has over 85 images of oracles and wants more. He will list anything relevant. Email him at editor@isidore-of-seville.com.

Ancient Divination and Astrology on the Web has over 215 links to original sources rather than flakey misrepresentations. He is not a believer in astrology or any other form of divination himself,. he is interested in ancient culture, of which astrology and divination are important aspects. His strict policy to include anything remotely useful, but his comments strive to identify the most reliable material. Not all this material is  "academic," but all of it has a scholar's attention to evidence and personal detachment.

Alexander the Great on the web - You must visit Tim's top site on Alexander the Great, so comprehensive it had to be split into two sites:

Site 1: Alexander the Great on the Web - This site contains 1,000 resources about Alexander the Great from history to the Hollywood movie—sorted, described and rated. He spent five years searching the web for this stuff, so you don't have to. Start with Alexander in Brieffor biographies long and short. Army and Battles covers Alexander the military commander.Alexander's Character explores Alexander the individual, including sub-sections on Alexander's sexuality, his religious feelings (chiefly, did he think himself a god?), and so forth. His death and (lost) tomb get their own sections. The rich but troublesome Greek and Latin sources get three sections: about the sources,texts on the web, printed translations

Site 2: Alexander in Images - This site catalogues some 400 images of Alexander from ancient statues to medieval illuminations to the recent movie.

Just when you thought he didn't have anymore time on his hands he has also given us  Cleopatra on the Web. Cleopatra on the Web is a comprehensive guide to Cleopatra VII in history and the western imagination. Includes over 580 resources and 168 images.

Ports of call:

The Internet Ancient History Sourcebook is an oldie but a goodie. Paul Halsall has done a sterling job.

Elpenor is a bilingual anthology of all periods of Greek literature,including Homer, the Lyric poets, Presoccratic philosophers, lessons in Classical Greek and much much more. They feature a Forum and Help pages. Wonderful stuff

Centre for Hellenic Studies is a  research institute located in Washington D.C.that is affiliated with Harvard University. It was founded in 1962 by means of an endowment made "exclusively for the establishment of an educational center in the field of Hellenic Studies designed to re-discover the humanism of the Hellenic Greeks." This humanistic vision remains the driving force of The Center for Hellenic Studies.

Bryn Mawr Classical Review publishes timely reviews of current scholarly work in the field of classical studies (including archaeology). This site is the authoritative archive of BMCR's publication, from 1990 to the present. Reviews from August 2008 on are also posted on their blog.

The Antikythera Mechanism

In 1901 divers working off the isle of Antikythera found the remains of a clocklike mechanism 2,000 years old. The mechanism now appears to have been a device for calculating the motions of stars and planets. The three main fragments of the Antikythera Mechanism are on display at the Bronze Collection of the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. The Mechanism has been kept within the Museum collections since its discovery in 1901. Other bronze artefacts from the Antikythera wreck are also on display within the same room, while statues and other objects from the wreck (like magnificent glassware) can be admired in other rooms and the atrium.

Professor Michael Edmunds of Cardiff University who led a recent study of the mechanism said: "This device is just extraordinary, the only thing of its kind. The design is beautiful, the astronomy is exactly right. The way the mechanics are designed just makes your jaw drop. Whoever has done this has done it extremely carefully...in terms of historic and scarcity value, I have to regard this mechanism as being more valuable than the Mona Lisa."

As one of the world's oldest known geared devices, it has puzzled and intrigued historians of science and technology since its discovery. A number of individuals and groups have been instrumental in advancing the knowledge and understanding of the mechanism including: Derek J. de Solla Price (with Charalampos Karakalos); Allan George Bromley (with Frank Percival, Michael Wright and Bernard Gardner); Michael Wright and The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project (AMRP).

The magic of the web brings the mechanism into our homes. For those who are numerate The American Mathematical Society has some interesting notes if you are so inclined.

Those of a high tech and practical frame of mind can visit Bob Warfield's site for CNC machinists and have a go at making one themselves Notes on Constructing an Orrery / Antikythera Mechanism

The fun doesnt stop there. Oh no, just search YouTube for The Antikythera Mechanism and you will see animations and working models galore...

How to make a Xiphos

myArmoury is a superb forum dedicated to the variety of sources of information which have been created for the practitioner and in particular the collector of modern reproductions. This includes both off the shelf and bespoke antique arms and armour. It is their goal to help educate the collector and enthusiast regarding the various aspects and particulars of the modern replica.

In years past many have wasted their hard earned money through a trial and error process of self-education. The myArmoury team hope that the information presented will help create more knowledgeable practitioners and collectors by helping us all make better informed purchasing decisions. They have sections on Features, Reviews, Collections, Albums, Books and a Forum. One of the best threads of the Forum is the Makers and Manufacturers thread. My favourite!

Finally Shane Allee, who is a self confessed admirer of build threads, has captured his own making of a xiphos. Superb work and the blade is not over engineered like some of the off the shelf and bespoke offerings for sale.. See the Forum Index > Makers and Manufacturers Talk > Greek Xiphos.

Shane's own site Iron Age Armory is following the build as well - but don't forget to look at his site - great inspiration!

New friends from over the hills and far away...

I'd like to introduce you to my new friends from far away - well far away from Australia:

                                                      Anabasis -

First we have Andrew ( Andrey Lovchikov ) from "Anabasis" a new club in St Petersburg. They have just started a new Live Journal page . Their focus is the Bosporan Greek Kingdoms. From a practical perspective costume and arms will suit their weather pattern. So adaption of Scythian clothing will not go astray. Their difficulty will be to document what they are doing. They have access to their museums and archaeological reports and numismatics but as the literary record is pretty sparse they would love to hear from you if you have new information. The page is in Russian but they are going to add English translations of Russian articles. (I use the Google translator myself.) You can contact Anabasis by leaving a comment on their Live Journal page or by emailing Andrew: anabasisclub@mail.ru

                                                    Sardinian Warrior -

Talk about exotic and eclectic! Sardinian Warrior  is the creation of Alessandro Lessa. You’ll need to switch on your Italian translator – especially if you want to wander off and explore his other blogs and links. The first settlers on Sardinia were the enigmatic Nurag people of the Bronze Age, famous for their beehive live structures that are very like tholos tombs. Not much is known about the Nuraghi except that they did achieve a level of sophistication that included sea trade. Both the Nurag people and the short lived Greek colonies on Sardinia's coast were annexed by Carthage in 537 BC. Lessa is putting together his hoplite kit as we speak but a visit to his blog will take you on a journey through the byways of Sardinia’s extraordinary history.

Ports of Call

Herodotus on the Web is a site by Tim Spalding. It is a guide and web directory to Herodotus of Halicarnassus, the famous Greek historian. On this site you will find over 200 links to resources about Herodotus and his age. These includes texts and translations, books about Herodotus, essays and articles, and so forth. He has attempted (sucessfully in my opinion) to organize these resources well, describe their contents and evaluate their readability and value as scholarship.

Diotima serves as an interdisciplinary resource for anyone interested in patterns of gender around the ancient Mediterranean and as a forum for collaboration among instructors who teach courses about women and gender in the ancient world. This site includes course materials, the beginnings of a systematic and searchable bibliography, and links to many on-line resources, including articles, book reviews, databases, and images. Ross Scaife and Suzanne Bonefas launched this project in early 1995; since that time it has been developed with help and contributions from many quarters.

Perseus Digital Library Project Since planning began in 1985, the Perseus Digital Library Project has explored what happens when libraries move online. Two decades later, as new forms of publication emerge and millions of books become digital, this question is more pressing than ever. Perseus is a practical experiment in which explores possibilities and challenges of digital collections in a networked world. Perseus maintains a web site that showcases collections and services developed as a part of our research efforts over the years. The code for the digital library system and many of the collections that we have developed are now available.

The virtual Museum of Ancient Inventions is a minor subject of the History of Science and Technology at Smith College, a project begun by the students in the course Ancient Inventions, which was offered for the first time in the spring semester of 1997. More inventions will be acquired by the museum each year that the course is offered. Not all are from ancient Hellas but many are.

How to make the oft debated Tube and Yoke / Linothorax / Spolas / Thingy...

Was it made of linen? Was it glued or quilted? Perhaps it was really leather. What sort of scales were attached - if any. The debate has not been settled yet. There is probably nowhere near enough evidence to make a case either way. However some great new literary and visual material has been unearthed and discussed ad-infinitum on the Roman Army Talk Forum threads - and elsewhere. Just type the word linothorax into their search fields.

As Jason Hoffman, on RAT, has noted there are at least 5 'variations' on Greek Tube-and-Yoke corselets, not counting those of other nations/cultures. There may be more depending on how you wish to classify them – that doesn’t include single or double layers of pteurges nor those with or without scales...

The majority are very like the interpretation of the Tube-and-Yoke pattern on the red figure Achilles amphora in Vatican Museum and shown on the right. These are single-breasted. This can be best be seen in the pattern provided on p.38 of Connolly's "Greek Armies" or p.57 of his "Greece and Rome at War".

A close examination of the vase art will convince you of the great variety utilised. Yes, there are both bespoke and off the shelf suppliers who can provide you with one. Check out the pages of the clubs I have already listed and read as much as you can before you spend your hard earned cash. Whatever your personal theory on construction materials and methods, there is more than enough "how to " instruction for you to actually experiment yourself. Before I show you the places to go for that kind of information have a look at this double breasted version below seen on the vase in the British Museum labelled E60.

How to make the oft debated Tube -and-Yoke / Linothorax / Spolas / Thingy in Linen:

http://www.larp.com/hoplite/linothor.html
http://hetairoi.de/Downloads/ConstrLinothorax.pdf
http://www.uwgb.edu/aldreteg/Linothorax.html
http://www.romanarmy.com/rat/viewtopic.php?t=16574
http://www.romanarmy.com/rat/viewtopic.php?t=21876
http://www.romanarmytalk.com/rat/viewtopic.php?t=2630
http://www.romanarmytalk.com/rat/viewtopic.php?t=9132
http://hetairoi.de/linothorax-eng.php

How to make the oft debated Tube -and- Yoke / Linothorax / Spolas / Thingy in Leather:
http://www.lloydianaspects.co.uk/armour/hoplite/hoplcuir.html
Also a leather core with linen skin is suggested here
http://www.4hoplites.com/Linothorax.htm
And here is the addition of ultra blingy scales
http://www.hippeis.com/forum/index.php?topic=99.0
Its construction has become a legitimate subject of academic study. See Prof. Gregory Aldrete of the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay reconstruct a linothorax
http://www.uwgb.edu/aldreteg/Linothorax.html

The Tube -and- Yoke on You Tube no less:
Linothorax reconstruction by Prof. Gregory Aldrete
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gim2ld0X2yA
The Linothorax: Recreated at UWGB
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ERSx1o8wwk
Some points about the hoplite cuirass
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PuaUR3cFps&feature=related
Another quick point about the hoplite cuirass
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bg1iPL8eVeE&feature=related

The Tube -and- Yoke elsewhere:

The Achaemenids, Italic peoples, Assyrians, Skythians, Phoenicians, Iberians and others all had some variation it seems.  A rather chunky Anatolian Achaemenid version is to be found on a sarcophagous in the Cannakale Archeology Museum.  African troops in Achaemenid service also wore the Tube -and- Yoke and were portrayed in Greek art. A series of vases called the Negro Alabastrons can be found in museums across the world.One appears in Dr. NIck Sekunda's book, The Persian Army, Osprey Publishing, 1992, p.16-17. I have provided a tiny collage below but search the Beazley Archive youself and you will be pleasantly surprised. These figures are armed with spears, axes, Achaemenid  style bows and bow cases. One carries a pelta with shield apron. Each is a gem and there are scores!

Just when you thought you knew more than the other person about the Tube and Yoke / Linothorax / Spolas / Thingy along comes some more data to analyse:
Keltic tube and yoke cuirass  http://linothorax.blogspot.com/
Kelticos forum  http://www.kelticos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=470
Archeoart forum  http://www.archeoart.org/cuirasses.html#cuirv3
The paper by Andre Rapin, on which this material is based, L'ARMEMENT CELTIQUE EN EUROPE: CHRONOLOGIE DE SON EVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIQUE DU vEA U lERS. AV. J.-C. is available in PDF format here: http://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/download/13/14

 The Tube -and- Yoke as art:
Over at the Leatherworker.net forum Peter Ellis has made an awesome tooled leather version. You’ll have to register to see the photos but it is a thing of beauty:
http://leatherworker.net/forum/index.php?showtopic=8177
Over at the Gallic Chariot blog you can see an example of a Keltic linothorax in all its glory
http://chargaulois.skyrock.com/2756315648-Peinture-du-linothorax.html
A couple of snaps of how they made it
http://chargaulois.skyrock.com/2493446951-Le-linothorax.html
Better still see a bundle at the "Gates of History" website
http://www.portesdelhistoire.com/antique.html

Ports of call:

To find out what the original looked like you will need to review images from the period. The Beazley Archive is one of the best places to start. The original archive of Sir John Beazley, Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art from 1925 until 1956 at Oxford University, was purchased for the Faculty of Classics in 1965. On his death in 1970 it was brought to the Cast Gallery Ashmolean Museum. Within a few years the personal archive of material relating to the study of classical archaeology and art was transformed into a research resource for students and scholars. It consisted of photographs, notes, drawings, books and impressions from engraved gems. The photographs of Athenian vases are the largest archive of this class in the world and were the basis of Beazley's life's work.  Since 1970 the entire collection has been enlarged and enhanced through gift and purchase.

A the other end of the resource spectrum is Christie's. They auction ancient art from the dawn of civilization to the Dark Ages, ranging from Western Europe to the Caspian Sea. Much of it from Hellenic realms.  Sales are held four times a year, twice in New York and twice in London. So a  wealth of unique images, many unpublished can be found in their old and new catalogues.

Who are these strange people...

Groups of historical re-enactors, living historians, live action role players, experimental archeologists and others are out there quietly (or not so quietly) pursuing their interests. Let me introduce you to those who I know have some sort of web presence:

300 Spartan Warriors USA
Ancient Battle Society  Brasil
Ares Anax Hellas
Athena Promachos Spain
Athena Promachos France
Enomotoi Hellas
Eridanos Slovakia
Falange Spinete Italy
Figli del Sole - Eliades Kouron Italy
Hetairoi Germany
Koryvantes Hellas
Mare Nostrum Australia
Melbourne Ancient Reenactment Society (MARS) Australia
Phalanx Group United Kingdom  
Spartan and Amazon Warriors USA
Spartan Society United Kingdom
Spartan Warband USA
Spartan World Germany
Spartiatikes Mores Hellas
Taxeis Plataiai Canada
Teuta Spineta Italy
The Ancient Hoplitikon of Melbourne Australia
The Greek Warriors New York, USA
The Hoplite United Kingdom
The Hoplite Association United Kingdom
The Sydney Ancients Australia
Triballi -Thrakoi Austria
Warriors of Greece USA
Western Spartans USA

Ports of call:

Ancient Warfare is the only full color paper magazine dedicated to all aspects of warfare in the Ancient World, from the earliest warfare in the Ancient Near East until the end of the Roman Empire in the west. Their focus lies on the Greek and Roman civilizations.

The True Meaning of Aristotle’s Lantern An ancient etymological mystery solved?

The journey begins...

Many are rediscovering the rich heritage of the ancient Hellenic world. A broad variety of reasons are given. It doesn't matter whether you are captivated by the elegance of their mathematics, their polyvalent spirituality, their art, literature, engineering feats or have simply wanted to dress up like a hoplite or maenad since you were five. It doesn't matter if you are participating in the restoration of Hellenic Polytheism, discussing pre-Socratic philosophy, putting together the realia needed for historical re-enactment events and living history exhibitions. Perhaps you want to learn Attic, host an educational event, put on a symposium, find props and costumes for your production of the Clouds or just read about you favourite Hellenic topic. At some stage you will wonder how to touch base with the people, places and products that will float your trireme. I hope to make this blog the nexus of those obscure and not so obscure Hellenic highways and byways and share each discovery as I make it.

This blog is named after the hero shrine set up for Odysseus at the cave in Polis Bay on the island of Ithaka. Odysseus is one of the first Greek Heroes renowed for his brain not merely his brawn. Arriving home after twent years absence he had lost and found more treasures than we would see in a number of lifetimes. He had accumulated material, experiental and spiritual treasures on his outward and return voyages. If you believe the myths his adventures did not stop there.

As a member of the Sydney Ancients, one of my main interests is in meeting others doing similar things, asking them where they got their kit or how they made it. Five years ago this was a solitary pursuit with few particpants and very few places to acquire kit or learn how to make it. Today, there is a growing worldwide community of solitary and group re-enactors, living historians, LARPers and a good swag of anachronists engaged in this vice. Enabled by the internet they now have access to a range of bespoke and off the shelf equipment. Helmets, swords, spears, shields, greaves and armour once difficult if not impossible to buy are appearing - admittedly in varying degrees of quality and authenticity. However, a couple of mass market suppliers like Daniyal Steel Crafts are even making quality products that have been meticuously researched by their customers. This is a welcome change to some that keep pumping out near enough is good enough items despite the pleadings of their clients. The highly respected Roman Army Talk Forum has provided dedicated boards for Greek Military History & Archeology as well as Greek Re-enactment & Reconstruction where both neophytes and old hands are welcomed alike. For those interested in earlier periods the Bronze Age Center hosts discussions on the Minoans and Mycenaeans under their Agean studies board.

In 2006 the first International Ancient Greek Festival was held at Watford in the United Kingdom. Re-enactors from the USA intend to host an International Greek Hoplite Festival on the East Coast in 2010. Plans are also being made by a number of international re-enactors to finally, after 2500 years, commemorate Marathon in 2011.  It should also be mentioned that some of our far flung friends intend to become regular features at the Nemead, the revival of the ancient Nemean Games. The academic world has continues to amaze us with new practical research in experimental archaeology. Dr Katherine Scwab of Fairfield University has done a sterling job in her Caryatid Hairstyling Project.

Today is our first day out in shallow waters but I am sure you will be pleasantly surprised as this journey continues.

Ports of call:

Didaskalia is an electronic journal and resource dedicated to the study of ancient Greek and Roman drama in performance.

Hellenica is a website continuously updated by Michael Lahanas with information (text and images) about Hellas / Greece and Cyprus, ancient, medieval and modern.